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Disposal of sewage sludge â € "Land Application-environmental problems â €" Overview

Sewage Sludge ELIMINATION â € "IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS OF LAND ENVIRONMENT-â €" AN OVERVIEW

Md. Wasim Aktar

Laboratory Waste Department of Agriculture Pesticide Chemicals,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India

1. Introduction
Most wastewater treatment processes produce a sludge that must be eliminated. The conventional secondary treatment plant wastewater typically generate a primary sludge in the primary sedimentation stage of treatment and secondary biological sludge final sedimentation after the biological process. The characteristics of secondary sludge vary with the type of biological processes and, often, mixed with primary sludge before treatment and disposal. Approximately half the operating costs of central secondary wastewater treatment in Europe may be associated with sludge treatment and disposal. Land application of raw or treated sewage sludge can significantly reduce sludge disposal cost component of wastewater treatment and to provide much of the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of many crops. Rarely urban sewer systems transport only domestic wastewater plants treatment, industrial effluents and stormwater runoff from roads and other paved areas is often discharged into the sewers. Thus, sludge Sewage also contain organic waste, the remains of many pollutants used in our modern society. Some of these chemicals may be phytotoxic and some are toxic to humans and / or animals so it is necessary to control soil concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) and application rate the ground. The health risk of chemicals in sewage sludge applied to land has been reviewed by Dean and Suess1
sewage sludge also contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, along with other helminth parasites that could lead to potential health hazards to humans, animals and plants. A WHO (1981) Report on the risk to health of microbes in sewage sludge applied to land and Taenia salmonella identified as giving rise to concern. The number pathogens and parasites in sludge can be significantly reduced before application to land for sludge treatment methods and on the potential risk to health is further reduced the effects of climate, soil, microorganisms and time after sludge is applied to the soil. However, in the case of certain crops, limitations planting, grazing and harvesting are required.
Apart from the components of concern, sewage sludge also contains useful concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. The availability of phosphorus in the year of application is approximately 50% and is independent of any treatment of sludge before. nitrogen availability is more dependent on sludge treatment, sludge and liquid nitrogen releasing untreated dewatered sludge treated slowly with benefits for crops that are being made for a relatively long period. Liquid anaerobic conditions, digested sludge has a high content of ammonia-nitrogen which is readily available to plants and can be especially beneficial to the grasslands. Organic matter in sludge can improve the water holding capacity and the structure of some soils, especially when applied in the form of dewatered sludge cake.
2. What is the mud?
Waste, sludge, waste septic, wastewater, a byproduct of the wastewater, compost: there are many names for the sludge and sludge products. The term â € € œsludgeâ is used as most people understand: the solid at times, sometimes fluid material generated from water treatment plants and waste used as fertilizer on fields in the gravel, and in woodlots statewide. The sludge classified as â € € œClass AA if you have been treated to reduce germs to background levels (Levels normally found in soils) and â € Bâ € œClass if you have been treated so that germs are reduced by 90%.
3. Composition sewage sludge:
The nature of sewage sludge depends on the process of wastewater treatment and source of waste water. In general, it contains toxic and non-toxic organic wastes. Of the two, non-toxic compounds are more common than all materials including plant and animal origin, including proteins, amino acids, sugars and fats. toxic organic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkyl phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) to organochlorine pesticides, monocyclic aromatic, chlorinated benzenes, aromatic and alkyl amines, polychlorinated dioxins, phenols, etc. Besides these sludge purification of organic waste material also contains traces of many pollutants such as copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, selenium, etc. Some of these chemicals may be phytotoxic and some are toxic to humans and / or animals, it is necessary to control the concentrations of elements in soil potentially toxic and its rate of land application. sewage sludge also contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, along with other helminth which can give rise to potential risks to the health of humans, animals and plants. Apart from the components of sewage sludge also contains utility concern public of N, P and organic matter. Each component of the sludge has its own environmental impact, to be taken into account when choosing the escape route.

4. Processing of Sludge
Increasing urbanization and industrialization have resulted in a dramatic increase in the volume of wastewater produced worldwide. Wastewater treatment stage concentrates the various pollutants (up to 90%) in sewage sludge, which usually contains between 1% and 2% weight of dry solids. The wastewater treatment typically involves the following processes to process sludge for the production of finished products suitable for the use or disposal:

Sludge processing methods
Process Description

Sludge pasteurization at least 30 minutes at 70 º C or a minimum of 4 hours at 55 º C bis (or through appropriate conditions), followed in all cases by primary mesophilic anaerobic digestion.

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion average retention period of at least 12 days primary digestion in a temperature range 35 ° C ± 3 º C or 20 days Atleast digestion of primary 25Â º C temperature range ± 3 ° C followed in each case by a secondary stage that provides a mean retention period of at least 14 days.

Thermophilic aerobic digestion average retention period of at least 7 days digestion. All sludge is being subjected to a a minimum of 55 º C for a period of at least 4 hours.

Composting Compost should be kept at -40 º C for at least 5 days and 4 hours for this period to at least a 55 º C in the body of the pile followed by a maturation period adequate to ensure that the composting process is reaction complete.

Cal stabilization of liquid sludge addition of lime to raise the pH to 12.0 and more than sufficient to ensure that the pH is less than 12 for at least 2 hours. The sludge can be used directly.

Liquid storage of liquid sludge storage without treatment a minimum period of 3 months.

Dehydration and storage of untreated sludge conditioned with lime or other coagulants followed by dewatering and storage cake for a minimum period of 3 months. If the sludge has been subject to primary mesophilic anaerobic digestion storage to be for a minimum period of 14 days.

5. Agricultural application
The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer safe â € œ â € œ began in earnest after 1988 the ban on dumping sewage sludge into the sea. When the Ocean Dumping Ban Act 1988 came into force, municipalities and the Govts. left with a new problem â € "how to get rid of tons of sludge generated daily. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stepped in with a plan to â € € œsolveâ this problem by promoting sludge (sometimes called â € ~ € ™ biosolids, a term relationships Public is used interchangeably by the EPA with the technical term sludgeâ € â € œsewage) as fertilizer to be spread on the ground â € "Where people live, work and play. Although the viscous, black cake adds no organic matter and fertilizer to poor soils, making them productive and profitable the main constraints imposed by factors including pathogens, heavy metals, toxic organic compounds. Therefore, the plan that EPA has permitted products toxic chemicals in the air, water, soil, crops and in us. So, to call sludge fertilizerâ € â € œ equivalent to calling soup œfoodâ € â € which, although it contains some meat and vegetables, also contains some lead, a little arsenic, and perhaps hundreds or even thousands of other toxic organic and inorganic materials whose impact varies carcinogen birth defect teratogens (induction). â € œMost people want a simple answer, it is good or bad. The answer is not so simple. It is not completely without risk, but has benefits. Just like driving a € Cara, Sanden said.

The benefits of sewage sludge on agricultural land
â € ¢ Valuable agricultural nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur can be returned to earth
â € ¢ the levels of soil organic matter have increased 12% â € "15%
â € ¢ The groundwater and surface water quality are maintained
â € ¢ Reduced increase in bulk density and porosity not capillary
â € ¢ Improve the aggregation of soil particles
â € ¢ No significant health or nuisance problems occur

6. Sludge Problem
The sludge contains measurable amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, dioxins and other toxic chemicals. The sludge also contains pathogens – human germs, bacteria, viruses and parasites. Sludge and smells: the smell of sludge is more than a nuisance but a threat public health, which has been linked with respiratory problems and death. The land application of sludge distributed pollutants from large cities rural areas far from where they were originally produced. State and federal agencies of different countries regulate the dissemination of mud, but regulation of these wastes is difficult and problematic. Many scientists agree that the current implementation rules of the land do not protect human health, agricultural productivity, or environmental environment. The lack of funding to provide adequate supervision and regulatory nature of the permit the spread sewage sludge quality known to occur in our lands.
Problems with the sludge are:
? The sludge containing heavy metals, toxic chemicals and pathogens.
? The tests and the regulation of sludge is insufficient and problematic.
? sludge odors pose a threat to public health and the diminishing quality of life.

7. The problem with sludge
7.1. How toxic sludge fertilizer
In traditional agricultural societies, human waste is used often to enrich the soil. The Industrial Revolution led to increasing urbanization and the need for cities to build sewer systems to eliminate early human waste. Pipes and canals were built to discharge wastewater directly into our lakes, rivers and oceans. As the industry grew World factories began using these primitive sewage systems to dispose of their waste. This practice continued well into the 20th century, when industry began to use widely toxic chemicals. Using the local sewer system as a toxic waste dump was an easy solution to their disposal problems and was more cheaper than treatment of their waste on the site. The waste water laden with toxic chemicals created public health and environmental disasters around the world: rivers caught fire, the public drinking water supplies were contaminated, and the waste deposited on our beaches. Public protest against the increasing number disaster led to the adoption of the Federal Clean Water Act in 1972. This law establishes water quality standards at the national level and provided money to communities to improve sewerage systems and build wastewater treatment facilities. Unfortunately, instead of addressing the root of the problem is to stop the industrial use and disposal of toxic chemicals, rather the act regulated the amount of pollution large industries could free sewer systems.
In late 1970, extensive systems of waste water have been built throughout the country. water treatment plants were built to separate residual solid waste water, and then of natural and chemical treatment, return the water in the environment, free of human waste. Unfortunately, they were not built for the treatment of chemical waste toxic. While these systems and wastewater treatment plants wastewater improve the level of public health and water quality have a defect ironic. The process treatment produces a cleaner water but also creates a toxic byproduct: mud. In fact, the Clean Water Act rightly defines sludge as a pollutant. To the Like all the waste sludge must be disposed of in some way. What to do with the sludge has been a source of controversy for the past three decades in the world. Through the 1970s and 80s, the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strictly regulates the application of sewage sludge land, effectively prohibiting large part of the waste is used on agricultural land. facilities wastewater treatment could only dispose of the sludge in one of three ways: by sending landfill, by incineration, or by dumping than 100 miles offshore in the ocean.2
Ocean dumping eventually created large areas under the Dead Sea. In response to public concern, Congress passed the Law on ocean dumping, which banned ocean dumping of sludge on disposals 1992.3 sludge was then largely limited to landfills and incineration which became costly for the plant wastewater treatment. municipal treatment facilities pressured the EPA to relax their standards for the application of sewage sludge land in agricultural fields. After a series of rewrites proposed EPA regulations, companies that market enterprises and municipal wastewater sludge treatment facilities were successful in the relaxation of the limits of the toxins in the sludge land spreading. As Once considered a hazardous waste became a fertilizer? By classifying the sludge as fertilizer, became exempt from various waste management regulations.
7.2. Marketing of toxic sludge
Municipal water treatment facilities will depend on the corridors of corporate sludge to dispose of their sludge. To dispose of it, these private companies to convince farmers and owners around the country to spread sludge on his fields as a nutrient supplement for their crops. Mud is marketed to owners and consumers in two different ways. The first and most obvious, is offering free sludge. Convincing individual owners sludge is € â € œagronomic benefit to his country, agents are finding sludge disposal sites and extremely cheap to other sludge otherwise have to be sent to landfills or incinerators cost about $ 70 ton.4
Companies then claim that everyone wins: treatment plants have an option of selling at low price for their sludge, giving taxpayers a break, and owners get free nutrients for their fields. As a result precise, Brokers stand with sludge disposal fees from the treatment plant. The corridors of the sludge also escape potential liability, which is now assumed the farmer or property owner. The second form is sold sludge by composting or palletizing it. Then it can be sold or given away as compost or fertilizer. Given the weakening of the rules of sludge in the 1980s, people going around the world have been struggling to keep the sludge from being spread on the fields and land agricultural communities. Activists who fight against the sludge are formidable opponents. water treatment plants and sludge agents have formed groups of power trade, such as New England and residual biosolids Association (NEBRA). Nebra, in turn, is part of a larger and more powerful still: the National Association biosolids, which is a coalition of groups such as the EPA and Water Environment Federation, whose main responsibility is to change perception â € € œpublic on the spread of sludge.
7.3. Toxic Sludge secrets
Sludge applied land law is required to have toxic levels below certain limits and is treated with lime to reduce levels of pathogens. However, World sludge is completely free of toxic chemicals or pathogens. In fact, after question, Class B sludge still contains a significant amount of pathogens5.
7.4. Toxic Sludge
A. Heavy Metals
All sludge in the world contain heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and metals are persistent zinc.6 € "Ie, not decomposed in the environment and thus accumulate over time. Because states Cornell Cooperative Extension, heavy metals, â € œmost remain in the soil for long periods of time ranging from several decades in many centuries.â € Heavy metals in sludge spread on earth therefore become permanent additions to the total amount in the soil. Even very small amounts of heavy metals in sludge, therefore, are dangerous.7 High levels arsenic in food or water can be deadly. Cadmium, chromium, nickel and selenium has been linked to cancer. Cadmium has also been linked to kidney problems, miscarriages, and stillbirths. Copper, nickel and zinc are known to cause growth problems in crops. Children exposed to lead can develop problems behavior and learning. Mercury exposure at key moments in fetal development can cause learning disabilities and neurological disorders. Molybdenum bioaccumulates grass eating cattle ingested in excess, can cause anemia, diarrhea, and growth problems.8 These metals can be taken up by plants growing in the sludge and re-enter in the human food chain through livestock feed. These metals can leach into groundwater. very acid soils, like those found in Maine, may exacerbate the heavy metal leaching.9

B. Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, and parasites
The mud, by its very nature, contains pathogens of human origin: the germs such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Whereas exposure to heavy metals can cause problems over time, exposure to these germs is more acute and may cause health problems almost immediately. Due to the extremely large number of pathogens that exist in the world, it is impossible to sludge tested all types of pathogens. Some pathogens common in sludge include bacteria E-coli and salmonella, hepatitis A, and parasitic worms. Pathogens can cause intestinal problems, other serious diseases and death. Land spreading of sludge can be treated to eliminate some pathogens. By composting the sludge, for example, levels of pathogens can be reduced significantly. Unfortunately, federal and state laws allow â € œClass Bâ € sludge, which has not been treated with more stringent methods of pathogen reduction, to be spread. In other words, the sludge is living pathogens spreading throughout the state. Unfortunately for residents and workers in northern New England, cloudy, humid climates encourage the growth of pathogens. Researchers have found that pathogens can survive in mud for weeks, months or even years after the reduction treatment processes.
Humans may be exposed to pathogens in the sludge in several ways. You might have eaten plant pathogens in them. Children may accidentally access a field sludge and have been exposed to germs. Pathogens can also be spread through pets or wildlife, including deer, who walk through a field of mud.

C. Dioxin: â € œThe € Darth Vader Chemicals
Dioxins are unwanted by-product of chemical processes involving chlorine. According to EPA, sludge spreading is the largest distributor of land nationally.10 dioxin Dioxin is a known carcinogen, and has been linked to reproductive problems, genetic disorders, and endometriosis. Scientific evidence suggests that there is no safe exposure level dioxin.11 As one expert well-known dioxin in it, dioxin is â € œthe Darth Vader of chemicals, â € because you can not see or taste it, but it is deadly. The source of dioxin contamination in the sludge is not known. Could be discharged in the sewer system by industrial or residential sources unknown. Dairy grazing sludge on land cattle may ingest the chemical dioxin and then enter through human milk and meat.
7.5. What Dona € ™ t know can harm us
The Federal Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are 70,000 synthetic (not natural) chemicals. Without however, only 2% of these chemicals have been fully tested. In fact, even the most basic toxicity results of verification can not be found in the public record for nearly 75% of the most used of these chemicals. The ways in which these chemicals on human health and the ways they interact each other in the environment (their â € € œsynergistic effects) are not always known. Nevertheless, industry is only necessary approval report management of 1% of these chemicals in waterways and sewers. While industries release thousands of homes and chemicals, sludge World is regularly tested for heavy metals and in some cases proof of dioxins and toxic pesticides.

8. Source of toxic chemicals
Sludge containing heavy metals and other contaminants from homes and industry because the use and release to too many toxic chemicals. The sources of pollutants in sludge are many, depending on the specific treatment facility and the community it serves. The pollution sources include industrial discharges, spills small businesses, new hospitals, garbage, the leachate from landfills and Superfund sites, including nuclear waste landfills and municipal water and sewer as whole.12Everything discharged into a sewer that leads to a water treatment plant could become part of the sludge the plant produces. If a worker in an industrial plant accidentally dump toxic chemicals down the drain rather than produce a safe, those chemicals can end up in the mud. Similarly, if a home gardener rinsed bottle containing toxic pesticides in the sink, toxic pesticides could find their way to the sludge.
8.1. Industrial Risks
As noted above, many chemicals used by industry have not been properly tested and are not regulated or reported. In addition, even in the most secure facilities, accidents happen and toxic chemicals can be released into the waste stream. Requires global treatment plants water for working with large industries to reduce and control their waste discharge. This â € € œpretreatment Processa requires companies downloading a large amount of waste in the sewage system or use a large amount of chemicals that could affect the operation of the sewer system. Unfortunately, once companies release heavy metals and other toxins in the sewer system, there is no process to remove these chemicals from the sludge. In addition, all industries in the country to meet 33 pounds of hazardous waste each month on the soles of wastewater treatment, without penalty or reporting.13
8.2. Dangers of Small Business
Many small businesses are not regulated by their toxic emissions. Are not included in the pretreatment processes. While that car garages, dentist offices, photo developers, dry cleaners, and other small businesses can not individually release a large amount of toxic chemicals, taken as a whole contributing to the chemicals in sludge could be dangerous.
8.3. Hospital Risk
All hospitals are required to dispose of toxic chemicals and biological hazards in a form approved by the state. However, accidents happen: from a broken mercury hermometer other human pathogens being washed down the drain, hospitals can contaminate sludge.
8.4. Pollution of Municipal Water and Sewer
Many towns and cities have water and sewer systems made with lead and copper pipes. metals lead, copper and sometimes leach into the waste stream and contaminate sludge. The sludge contamination can also occur if a Town € ™ s dam is contaminated with pesticides and other chemicals which the tests are not necessary.
8.5. Household Hazards
Of pesticides (including flea shampoos), heavy duty cleaning and coloring products hair, toxic chemicals containing products abound. Any of these chemicals dumped down the drain can become spread over a farm field or a forest.

9. Sludge Rules
It is almost impossible to know the exact level of toxic materials in each batch of mud, because what is free in the waste stream varies from day to day. Although the waste water treatment plant treated waste on site for several days, not all batches of the sludge tested before leaving the plant. Moreover, due to the economy than to the concerns of health protection, the generators of waste sludge analyzed more frequently. For example, waste is often only tested for dioxins twice a year because of the cost of the test. A worker may accidentally discharge of pesticides in a sink or storm drain, or someone illegally can dump other toxic chemicals down the drain, and no matter how strict regulations in law books, the test may miss this surge of pollutants. Regulation and the test can not guarantee the safety of sludge to chemicals household toxic industrial removed.

10. Sludge consequences
â € œTemporary a nuisance odors are necessary in the practice of € 14 agriculture.â sludge-like manure smells the odor will dissipate € â € œwithin several days ahead Despite the propaganda of the industry, studies have shown that odors from the sludge is more than just a nuisance, but they are a threat to public health. harmful gases, called organic amines can developed from chemical reactions occurring in the sludge. These gases are released when the pH of the sludge rises above 10, as when lime is added. Studies suggest that the smell of the sludge can cause health problems in humans far as 1600 feet site.15A a study by a former EPA regulator linked sludge odors â € œsevere sludge irritation to mucous membranes followed by respiratory € Infections in residents living near a site of sludge. Irritation the eyes, throat and skin infection pathogens in sludge most likely. The study was carried out after the death of a man suffering from difficulty in New Hampshire breathing in the vicinity of a mud site.16 residents near sludge sites are not the only victims of the smell of mud. Symptoms associated with poisoning organic amine occur frequently among workers in waste treatment plant and sludge haul drivers.
10.1. Deaths associated with sludge
At least two deaths have been associated with the spread of sludge. In October 1994, an eleven-year-old named Tony Behun, was riding dirt bike near his home in Osceola Mills, Pennsylvania. Without knowing it, the boy rode through a muddy field in Class B. She came home covered in dirt and grime. Two days later, developed a sore throat, headache, and boil one on the left arm. Brenda Robertson, his mother took him to the doctor, who prescribed antibiotics flu. The next day, Tony had trouble breathing. He died after being flown by helicopter to a hospital in Pittsburgh. The final diagnosis was that Tony died of a bacterial infection. How does your child is getting the infection is still a mystery to Brenda Robertson until five years later, when read about an investigation into the death of his son by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Without consulting Brenda, the state published a report concluding Tony died of a bee sting and that Class B sludge is spread on the property that was mounted.
Another sludge-related death occurred in Greenland, New Hampshire. In late October 1995, the Marshall family his otherwise quiet life tragically interrupted. The sludge is being dumped on a field in rural area. This was only the beginning of the problems residents € ™. On Halloween, Joanne Marshall ran home from work to take your child trick-or-treat. At home and jumped from his car, which was â € œgreeted for that stench, it took her breath. â € 17 The Marshall Islands and its neighbors began to suffer from nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, migraine headaches, flu-like symptoms, slowed reflexes and breathing problems.
10.2. Evaluation Environmental and remedy some of them:
Recycling sewage sludge to agricultural land for the benefits of essential nutrients and organic matter plant it contains, seems a reasonable and rational method of management of a material that otherwise would have to have some other non-beneficial way. But sludge contains inorganic, organic and biological contaminants and great care, management is necessary to avoid potential environmental problems. Problems listed in the table below. application of sewage sludge can reduce the large soil pH. This can be avoided if the soil pH is increased by applying lime, or if the sludge application rates are limited in some way.
The "no." different genera of bacteria in sludge varies. In general, a count total coliforms from 10 to 10 can be found per gram dry weight., while fecal coliforms represent usually 10 to 10 per gram dry weight. The pathogen is reduced to levels that are likely to cause a threat to public health and the environment under the conditions of use specified procedures to reduce significantly pathogens, such as digestion, drying, heating, high pH or the equivalent are the most commonly used.
To dispose of contraceptives Oral sludge from mainly two approaches are not ar â € "physical chemical and microbiological processes affecting the high temperature oxidation (incineration) or reductive dechlorination (pyrolysis in an atmosphere of hydrogen). To meet possible level of risk, presticide concentrations in soil and sludge mixture combined must be less than 1.25 mg / kg dry weight.

Environmental risks of impact and benefit for the evaluation of sewage sludge recycling on agricultural land (B = beneficial effect, L = Low risk, P = Possible risk, NA = Not applicable.)
Environm-ental parameters pathogens organic pollutants nitrogen PTE organic phosphorus material
Human health LPLBBB
Crop yields LLLBBB
Animal health LLLBBB
Low water quality LLLLLP
Surface water quality LLLPPB
Air quality LLLP NA NA
Soil fertility PLLBBB
Natural ecosystems PPPPBL

11. Sludge Rules
The mud, by its very nature is difficult to regulate. Depending on what chemicals are being released into the sewer system various minute, the toxicity of the state of the sludge can vary from day to day, minute by minute. Sludge regulations do not adequately protect public health and the environment environment.
11.1. Rules of problems:
â € ¢ have weaker pollution standards;
â € ¢ Allow for leisure sludge containing live pathogens;
â € ¢ Discourage the municipalities to be cautious and targeted public health by not allowing to do more strict rules that the stateâ € ™ s, and
â € ¢ Citizens € ™ voices marginalized in the process and the sludge industry has greater access to state regulators that the average citizen.

11.2. Standards of heavy metals (ppm)
Heavy Metal Denmark Netherlands Norway Sweden European Union Finland Germany
Arsenic 25 N / AN / AN / AN 0.15 / AN / A
Cadmium 0.8 2.0 1.5 5 or 10 * 2.5 20 1.25
Chrome 100 100 N / AN 900 75 100 / A
Copper 1000 600 N / A 800 75 1000 1000
Lead 120 100 100 900 100 80 750
Mercury 0.8 2.5 1 8 0.75 3 16
Nickel 30 50 100 200 30 50 300
Zinc 4000 800 1500 2500 300 800 2500

* Source Harrison, et al. 1999 7
11.3. Sludge vs Natural soil

Heavy Metal Sludge Average (ppm) of natural soil (ppm) times higher than natural soil
Arsenic 5.6 7.4 1.3
Cadmium 2.4 0.37 6.4
Copper 23.3 16.6 388.0
Chromium 30 1.1 33.3
Lead 61.5 3.6 17
0003 Mercury 400 1.2
Molybdenum 7.5 0.79 9.4
Nickel 1.2 18 22.8
Selenium 2.6 5.7 0.45
Zinc 468.5 68.5 6.8

11.4. The standard values for organic compounds

Compounds in the sludge concentration
HAP 1-10 mg. / Kg
100 â € alkyl phenols "3000 mg. / Kg
PCB 1 to 20 mg. / Kg
Poly-chlorinated dioxins p OC pesticides dibenzo low aromatic monocyclic aromatic amines and chlorinated benzenes alkyl 0 â € "1mg./Kg.
Phenols 0 â € "5mg./Kg.

12. The solution of the sludge
If sludge diffusion our communities is dangerous, where to go? What are we supposed to do with this waste? The real question is, how can we eliminate the dissemination of toxic pollutants in our land and how we can eliminate these contaminants from our water treatment plant so that waste human waste becomes a commodity really useful and safe? Because the sludge contains toxic chemicals and other pollutants, the best solution to our problem of sludge is Reducing these pollutants at their source. By dramatically reducing and eliminating industrial pollutants and toxic chemicals that can home be a big cut of chemical levels in the sludge. Until the long-term goal of eliminating the use and disposal of toxic chemicals is achieved, the State must:

1. Ban the use of sludge containing industrial discharges.
2. Demand the strictest level of pathogen reduction.
3. Expand and strengthen tests and limits of toxic sludge.
4. Allow municipalities to enact ordinances that are more stringent than the stateâ € ™ s regulations to through the town meeting or voting process throughout the city.
5. Provide for the maintenance of long-term pH monitoring metal sludge sites.

In addition to the protections in the state, municipalities must also play their own protection through tight control ordinances sludge. It is, after all, local communities who are most threatened by the spread of sludge.
13. Sludge Disposal
elimination Sludge is a global problem and a variety of escape routes have been taken as directed by local conditions. The final resting place of the sludge should be on land, air or water. The disposal of sludge used largly air high temperature incineration or pyrolysis. Although this reduction is sufficient for â € € œstabiliseâ sludge remains a large volume for disposal. The disposal of sewage sludge into the sea in the now banned because their perception of environmental effects. The main sludge disposal methods used by the wastewater treatment plants are the transfer or sale of impoundment used for the Municipal Gardens, used for instant lawn cultivation, land application. The remaining sludge is either stored or dump.

Provision and implementation of sludgeâ € ™ s should involve the following

1. The application must contain a summary of the types of crops grown at the proposed site, the method of application of sewage sludge, and a schedule spread. The application must also include an analysis of representative soil nutrients for the site.
2. The sludge must provide € â € œagronomic benefit to the crops grown on this land – which means that the generator must demonstrate that the site has a need for food provided by the mud. The farms that use sludge are required to have a licensed develop nutrient management whole farm nutrient management plan. This plan is the basis for our determination that nutrients are needed in the farm.19
3. The application must demonstrate that â € œthe state water will be € protected.â In practice, state regulators assume that state waters will be protected as long as certain setbacks and dissemination requirements of the application.

4. To this end, the sludge can be spread when the ground is frozen, snow cover, and recorded water. The sludge can be spread on land that favors the growth of plants that need water, such as wetlands, marshes and others.
5. The soil in the sludge of a proposed site must have a soil layer of six inches and a minimum depth to bedrock of 10 inches for perennial crops (such as hay) and 20 inches for row crops (such as maize).
6. For Class B sludge, diffusion can not occur within 25 feet of waterways in the area include gorges, streams and wetlands. sludge sites may be located within 75 feet of a river, perennial stream, or large pond.
7. The application must include a statement as to whether or not the site is located in or near a protected natural resource, a sensitive area, and / or directly to the water basin.
8. The generator must demonstrate that the dissemination activity sludge comply with traffic regulations for the site. This rule is supposed to be met if the spread of sludge activity will result in 16 or fewer vehicle trips day.20
9. The application must include an odor control plan specific to the site to prevent odors on neighboring properties. It is assumed that the odor quality air and nuisance standards will be met at the site if the site is 300 feet from occupied buildings, if there is a specific smell plan.21 site control
10. The application must show that the mud is € â € Oenone-hazardous. For this purpose, the application must include an analysis of the levels of heavy metals in sludge. If the generator € ™ s sludge contains heavy metal concentrations above screening levels then the application must include a sampling and monitoring, and show that the highest concentration of heavy metals from soil is not exceeded.

11. The application must also include an analysis of the level of dioxin in the sludge. If a generator sludge contains 27 parts per trillion of dioxin, the application must include a statement signed by the generator, the owner and operator recognizes dioxin in sludge to be spread.
The statement must also include an agreement with the following conditions:
? The site was tested for dioxin within 3 months after the last sludge diffusion.
? If the soil at the site contains 27 parts per trillion of dioxin, then animals for human consumption may only graze in the area, crops for human consumption can not be grown on the site, and writing the site must record this information.

12. The application also must include a sampling: frequency and how the sludge will tested for heavy metals and other toxins.22
13. The sludge will be spread over at least 15 inches above the surface of groundwater. crops food grown on site with harvested parts that touch the ground will not be harvested for 14 months after the last sludge spreading.
14. If the sludge remains in the ground for four months or more before its incorporation in soil, food crops that grow underground can not be harvested at least 20 months after the last sludge spreading.
15. Food crops, feed, fiber and grow crops on the site but have not harvested parts that could touch the sludge can not be harvested for at least 30 days after the last sludge spreading.
16. Domestic animals can not graze on the land for at least 30 days after the last sludge spreading.
17. Turf grown on the site can not be collected for one year after the last sludge
propagation.

18. The application must contain maps of sites, including: a topographic map, a sketch of the place, a tax map, soil map (U.S. The Department of Agriculture); sand and gravel aquifer map and a map of flood zones.
19. The layout of the site should include all the setbacks and buffers are incorporated and the location of roads on the site and adjacent wells, and buildings. Topographic maps are used to determine the slopes on the site. Soils, sand and gravel aquifer and floodplain maps are used to determine if the site is suitable for the purposes of regulation for spreading sludge activities.23

14. Conclusion and Recommendation
14.1. Policy recommendations

? Prohibit sludge containing industrial discharges to be carried out. The best way to ensure that our rural land is protected from industrial pollution is to prohibit the use of sludge containing these toxins.

? Require land to spread sewage sludge subjected to the method of strict pathogen reduction available. The sludge with viruses, bacteria, parasites and above base levels should not be carried out.
? Expand and strengthen the parameters of the sludge of the evidence. The sludge should be tested more often for more contaminants. In order to better protect public health and the environment, the levels of pollutants should not be permitted solely on the basis of toxicology, but also by natural background levels.
? Allow municipalities to enact ordinances that are stricter than the state through a town meeting or a vote in all the city. People who are most affected by the sludge sites are local residents. It is important to have a voice in decisions that affect their community.
? Provide long-term maintenance of sites of sludge. sludge generators should be responsible for testing the pH of the sludge of all application sites, either active or closed, and cover the cost of lime (or other amendments) to maintain soil pH insurance. All major activities of the sludge volume should be recorded in the facts so that future potential buyers are aware of past use of the property.

15.2. Recommendation for municipalities
â € ¢ The sludge is a particularly important issue for municipalities to monitor: they are local residents who have the most to lose from the threat of sludge.
â € ¢ In the municipalities that are home to a plant for wastewater treatment, local residents, municipal officials and facility managers can work together to implement the recommendations in the state above the local level.
â € ¢ All peoples have the authority to prohibit the use sludge, sludge or materials (eg compost) municipal property.
â € ¢ Municipalities can also pass the strict enforcement sludge ordinances. Although the state preempts local control over the establishment of strict rules, there are several ways cities can discourage the spread of the sludge.

15.3. What concerned citizen can do?
Citizens can protect themselves and their community from the dangers of sludge to be working proactively in the reform of the sludge. Depending on the needs of the community, people can reform the rules of sludge through the participation of municipal officials, State and local public health and environmental groups.
References
1. Dean and Suess (1995). The toxic sludge is good for you!, Center for Media & Democracy. Posted by Common Courage Press, Monroe, ME. p. 101-107.
2. www.vpirg.org, on the ground, the application of toxic sludge in Vermont, Vermont Group Public Interest Research, VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 05602. (802) 223-5221.
3. vpirg@vpirg.org. 7-9.
4. www.vpirg.org, Conversations with DEP officials and staff of the Portland Water District
5. vpirg@vpirg.org on the ground, the spread of toxic sludge in Vermont, Vermont Public Interest Research Group VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 0560. (802) 223-5221. 35-36
6. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 17.
7. Harrison, Ellen Z. et al, (1999) The Case of Care Recommendations for land application of sewage sludge and U.S. assessment EPAA € ™ s Part 503 Sludge Rules, Cornell Waste Management Institute, Center for the Environment, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853. February.
8. www.vpirg.org, vpirg@vpirg.org the field, the application of toxic sludge in Vermont, Vermont Public Interest Group Research VPIRG, 64 Main St., Montpelier, VT 05602. (802) 223-5221. 12-14.
9. www.essential.org / cchw € ™ s Americaâ € ™ s Choice Children Health or corporate profits, Center for Health, Environment and Justice, PO Box 6806, Falls Church, VA 22040 703.237.2249, 546
10. Gibbs, Lois Marie et al. (1995) Dying from Dioxin: A Citizen's Guide to the Recovery and Rebuilding Our Democracy Health. South End Press, Boston .. p. 25
11. vpirg@vpirg.org 10-11.
12. Scott, Laura, et al. (1998) Sedimentation in New Hampshire. Answers City and local officials of the City of New Hampshire. Sierra Club of New Hampshire. â € Öland Application of sewage biosolids € Maine.â brochure Maine Wastewater Control Association.
13. Lewis, David L., et al. Increased susceptibility to infection by exposure to gases emitted by sewage sludge: A case study, the Departments of Marine Sciences, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and Medical Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Bioset, Inc., 13700 Veterans Memorial, Ste 385, Houston, TX, 77,014. (Conclusions)
14. Tuohy, John, (2000) â € probe œState wrong path followed biking to a bee sting, â € U.S. Today, 13 July. 20. Statement Joanne Marshall
15. www.essential.org / cchw. â € œâ Comparison of heavy metals in sewage sludge, Soil and regulations
16. cchw@essential.org Standards, â € 10/10/00 leaf Maine Department of Environmental Protection. 47
17. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Management Solids, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 2, 21-22.
18. Standards, â € 10/10/00 leaf Maine Department of Environmental Protection.
19. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 7-10.
20. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Protection Environmental Management Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 26.
21. Maine Waste Solid Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection Office of Solid Waste Management, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 7-10 and 26.
22. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Management Solid Waste, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 400, 28.
23. Maine Solid Waste Management Regulations Chapters 419, 400, 405, and Appendix A of Chapter 418 and repeal Chapter 567, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Management Solids, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0017. Chapter 419, 26-27.

About the Author

Md. Wasim Aktar is a Senior Research Fellow in Export Testing Laboratory, APEDA, B.C.K.V., Mohanpur,West Bengal, Pin-741252,India. He is expert in pesticide residue analysis using GC-MS and LC-MS from different environmental samples. He is an Agriculture Graduate and obtained his M.Sc. degree in Agricultural Chemicals from B.C.K.V. He is now doing his Ph.D. work in the same university under the deptt. of Agricultural Chemicals.

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