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September 15th, 2010 |

Author: Gerry Gardiner

Swimming Pool Sanitation

Typical filtration equipment used in private pools

Water Pump

A water pump works with electricity is the prime motivator in the recirculation of pool water. Water is forced through a filter and then returned to the pool. A pump typical pool uses 500 watts and 2,000 watts. Public and commercial pool pumps usually operate 24 hours a day all season performance the pool. residential pool pumps typically run four hours per day in winter (when the pool is not in use) and up to 24 hours in summer. To save electricity costs for most people run between 6 and 12 hours in summer with the pump being controlled by an electronic timer. Pools require a minimum print run 4 hours total water volume.

Some pool pumps have two engine speeds to reduce energy consumption at times when full power is not necessary. Other pump manufacturers (typically Italian or European) units have been redesigned to use a smaller engine with more windings, therefore consumes less energy to drive a pump impeller larger. variable speed pumps reduce energy consumption further. These pumps operate slowly 24 hours a day. The slow speed usually clean better because the smaller particles can be filtered. At low speed, the minimum resistance in the pipes reduces the energy required to move the water.

pool pumps are typically "priming" can be positioned above the average level the pool water and even starting and running after a scheduled rest period. Pumps that no "me first" is called "suction flooded "and should be fed by gravity into the pool, being below the mean water level of the pool.

Most pool pumps available now incorporate a small filter called a hair and lint filter "or" fluff "as the last effort to prevent contamination or hair sheet to reach the section about tolerance pump impeller.

Filter unit

A powered pressure filter is usually located in the line immediately after the water pump. The filter typically contains a means of communication, such as graded sand (called '14 / 24 Filter Media of communication "in the UK system of grading the size of sand browse through fine brass wire mesh 14 inch to 24 per inch). A pressure fed sand filter is called a "high rate filter" of sand, and in general to filter the muddy water up to 10 micrometers size. The type of rapid sand filters are periodically 'washes back' as contaminants reduce the flow of water and increase the pressure. Indicated by a pressure gauge on the pressure side of the filter to reach the "red line" area, the pool owner is alerted to the need for "laundering" the unit. The sand in the filter typically last five to seven years before all the "edges" are used out of the sand and tighter as it is no longer working expected. Filtration Recommended for public / commercial pools are a ton of sand per 100,000 liters of water.

Introduced in the year 1900 was another type of sand filter, the "rapid sand filter ', whereby water was pumped to the top of a large volume tank (3' 0 "or cubes) containing a sand filter of degree, and returning to the pool through a pipe at the bottom of the tank. Because there is no pressure inside the tank, which were also known as "gravity filters." These filters are not very effective, and are no longer common in family swimming pools, being replaced by the filter pressure-fed type.

Other filter media

Other filters use diatomaceous earth to help filter pollutants. Commonly as 'DE' filters, filtering capabilities are great. Often a filter to trap contaminants as water-borne small as a micrometer in size. DE filters are prohibited in some states, as they must be emptied regularly and contaminated media flushed down the drain, causing a problem in some districts sewer systems.

Other filter media that have been introduced in the residential pool market since 1970 include particles sand filters and cartridge-type paper 50 to 150 square feet (14 m2) arranged in a tight filter area 12 "diameter x 24" long (300 mm x 600 mm) Accordion-like circular cartridge. These units can be "chained" together collectively to filter almost any size of group of origin. The cartridges are often cleaning and removal from the body of the filter and hoses-off by a sewer connection. They are popular where the wash water to a sand filter is not allowed to be given high or goes into the aquifer.

Skimmers

Water is drawn from the pool through a rectangular opening in the wall device connected via installed on one (or more) of the wall / s of the pool. The internals of the filter is accessed from the pool deck through a circular or rectangular cover, about a foot in diameter. Lifting the lid (if the pool is running) you can see the water is drawn from the pool, floating in a landfill (operating from an upright 90 degree angle away from the pool, to stop leaves and debris that is being flooded again in the pool by wave action), and to down on a removable skimmer basket, "whose goal is to catch leaves and other floating debris. The opening visible from the side of the pool is typically 1 '0 "Wide by 6 inches high, cut in half the water through the center of the opening. Skimmers with apertures wider than this are called" wide angle " skimmers and can be up to 2 "0" width (600 mm). floating skimmers have the advantage of not being affected by the water level as these are adjusted to work with the rate suction pump and maintain optimal brushing irrespective of the level of water leading to a marked reduction in the amount of biological material in water. Skimmers should always have a basket of the leaf or filter between it and the pump to avoid clogging the pipes leading to the pump and filter.

Channel overflow pools

An overflow channel is a channel that surrounds the pool, covered by a removable grille. Surface water flows over the edge of the pool and flows by gravity into the filtration plant, usually through a collection tank and refill. Often the outdoor pool wall is greater than the overflow channel, eliminating the possibility of water from the infinity pool adjacent to the pool surround. Other designs do not have this feature, relying instead on a more extensive drainage system to catch any spillage.

overflow channels accelerate the turnover of surface water is possible with simple weir skimmers, why are commonly found in pools public. They can also be an attractive design, especially when transformed into a total "leakage" around the pool. This design has been used very success in winning the prize contemporary home design, especially in Southern California and states in the surrounding desert.

Water Pool Returns

The last link in the recirculation system of pool: skimmer-filter-pump returns the water back. Typically, these are known as "eyes" because they incorporate an adjustable nozzle that can be locked to the point in the desired direction and are reminiscent of a rotating human eyeball. The adjustment is usually directional a circle of 360 degrees within 45 degrees away from the wall of the pool. Most home pools, including at least two such "Eyes." Development skimmers recent was the 1970 "Aquagenie (TM)" which considerably differers conventional operating skimmersost which are very similar in operation appearancey unless both draw water from the pool and returned to the same location through a submerged slot that diverts water down and fan-shaped wide. The concept incorporates a deposit system for tablets contain acids that the resultant force trichor high chlorinated water leads back to the recirculation system, so doubles as a chlorine feeder and a normal skimmer. Arguably an improvement "in the skimmer design, patents on the device due to the 2003 and the system is available in several U.S. manufacturers.

Other equipment

Other equipment which may be an option to purchase the system recirculation pumps include heat / gas heaters, salt chlorination units, electronic oxidation [ionization system []] Tri-Chlor feeders, deviations from the solar panels, etc in most cases to be placed after the filtration plant, which is the last point before water is returned to the pool.

Outdoor structure

Most pool installations include an outdoor structure designed to house the filtration equipment pool as a protection against premature wear sunlight and rain. Generally, these structures vary in size from a simple "flip-top three-way sound insulated box, located in a convenient wall of the house, cover about 15 to 20 degrees and the inner slope large enough to hold the filter plant, pump and any chlorination system has a full-size includedp Pool House (also known as "Pool Shed") with swimming pool separate equipment area, bathroom, shower, locker rooms, and sometimes even a kind of hassle-room entertainment area. As parts of the pool are common among families who have swimming pools, Pool House forms a focal point for adult participants, while the pool itself remains the realm of children. (Surveillance safety of swimmers children should be observed at all times, and a designated adult must be present by the pool in a supervisory capacity)

consecutive dilution

A system of pool filtration as described (above) is called dilution "row" system, as a consecutive steady stream of drinking water, chlorinated and filtered is continuously returned to the pool as part of a process that could ultimately result in a pool with 100% of recent introduction of fresh water for a period of time. Of course, this goal is never achieved, as there is also a constant flow of new pollutants entering the pool of the subsequent sections of this page are shown.

Potential pollution in bodies of water used for swimming and bath

The transmission of the disease and unfiltered / untreated pool and spa water may be contaminated by microorganisms from infected swimmers, the entry of water from an unsafe source, air pollution, precipitation, and bird droppings, is possible. Contaminated water can lead to a variety of diseases such as diarrhea and skin, ear and upper respiratory tract, particularly if the swimmer's head is submerged in water or just.

Illness or infections associated with swimming pools, spas and other recreational water environments has been associated with fecal contamination of water due to faeces released by bathers or contaminated water source. Many of the outbreaks related to public swimming pools have occurred because disinfection was maintained little – or not made at all. The solution for owners of private pools is to keep the filtration and sterilization system to work satisfactorily.

Most reported outbreaks related to the swimming pool have been caused by viruses, most recently, however, outbreaks have been reported most frequently associated with bacteria and protozoa.

No human fecal shedding (eg, from mucus, saliva, skin) in the pool, spa or similar recreational water environments is a potential source of microorganisms enteric pathogens. The mucus, saliva and the skin of infected users can directly contaminate pool or spa water and surfaces of objects or materials in a facility with sufficient numbers of primary pathogens (notably viruses or fungi), which consequently can lead to infections in other swimmers who are in contact with water or contaminated surfaces.

opportunistic pathogens (especially bacteria) may be arising from users and transmitted through contaminated water in swimming pools or spas. In addition, some free-living aquatic bacteria and the amoeba can grow in the pool or spa water in the pool or spa components or facilities (including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)) or other wet surfaces within the facility to a point where some of the opportunistic pathogens can cause a variety nervous respiratory infections, skin or central system or disease.

People with diarrhea can contaminate the water, but not common in swimming pools because the effect of his illness in his desire to go swimming. On the other hand, children in diapers or young people who are learning to control their bowels are more likely to have fecal accidents, which can lead to other swimmers swallowing water contaminated with fecal matter.

The chlorine resistant organisms such as Cryptosporidium (crypto) can come in the current municipal water supply (mainly in countries with poor sanitation), and are not easily removed with chemical disinfectants in the pool. Alternative technologies pool sanitation as electronic oxidation combined with copper ionization provides 100% protection against Cryptosporidium. The advent of molecular techniques has been carried out to characterize the different species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium infecting humans. The vast majority of human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the world are caused by both species, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. However, other species, including Cryptosporidium felis can infect humans as well. To date this felis () emerging protozoan disease is present in humans worldwide, except in Australia and Oceania.

potential diseases in poorly maintained public pools

See more details in the water-borne diseases

Although extremely rare in Western society, have the disease more often in countries that do not enforce a strict code of compliance of health in public pools, are caused by microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium (crypto), Giardia, E. coli O157: H7 (E. coli) and Shigella. Some of these outbreaks may affect thousands of swimmers, though not common see this type of outbreak in the daily press or television.

Crypto is the most common bacterium to cause outbreaks in public pools and public spas, where its extreme chlorine resistance and small size make it a difficult problem for even the best equipped and well-maintained pools. Major outbreaks associated with Giardia have occurred in systems that use filtration and recirculation systems or have found a defect in the filtration system.

Some pools or back country's rural replacement may use a "continuous" system instead of proper filtration, whereby a new water source is introduced into a end of the pool, and let it drain into the other. An example would be a public access fund through a rural stream or spring, which has been dammed to form a river "", And therefore can be included in the description of "artificial pond." A pool that uses a sand filtration system pump fed (or other) filter media in a closed loop system recirculation dilution is called a "continuous" system, as freshly filtered and chlorinated water is continuously fed into the pool, thus diluting the turbidity and bacteria levels.

E. coli and Shigella are relatively sensitive to chlorine or bromine to Most outbreaks have occurred in places where no added disinfectant, such as heated pools and spas that are filled with underground springs. In some countries, fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (caused by Naegleria fowleri) has occurred after swimming in warm dirty water heating, where the bather your head is submerged under water. Other enteric pathogens that may be found in pools and hot tubs are Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira interrogans, Molluscipoxvirus, the human papilloma virus, Acanthamoeba spp., Trichophyton spp. and Epidmermophyton floccosum, which often produce skin or respiratory infections.

Although not spreading in pools from one person to another, several other diseases may also develop poor sanitation or inadequate personal hygiene. Commonly infections or physical trauma of the ear canal (eg, due to the use of headphones to dry or clean the canal ear) will result in the symptoms of otitis externa – inflammation of the outer ear. Otitis externa can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (see above) that requires special mention and can be transmitted from human to human in the swimming pool. However, usually not a problem for most people unless they also suffer from immune deficiencies such as hepatitis or human immunodeficiency virus or HIV infection. Pregnant women are at high risk. Others may experience a rash or skin irritation. If it is suspected, individuals at risk who have been exposed should be tested and local officials health must establish connection with it.

Most public pools now use modern flocculation generally Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) which, added to the circulation of the pool, before the filter, provides a defense against pathogens such as Cryptosporidium. It covers the top of the filter bed, capturing small bacteria and allowing them to be removed as part of washing (normal cleaning procedure for pool filters.) This is the only way to properly manage the risk of contamination of these micro-organisms and is now fairly standard in the entertainment industry.

Prevention of diseases in swimming pools and spas

Prevention disease should be part of all water quality management program for operators of the pool, as well as preventing drowning injuries and burns sun. People are less likely to be exposed to contaminated water in pools and spas that regular monitoring and tested for health risks. The pool water must be continuously disinfected by disinfectants to ensure that concentrations set by standards are maintained throughout the pool water as well as pH, clarity and total alkalinity of the water must be maintained in accordance with the requirements of the rules.

The education of parents of children and others regarding the conduct of hygiene in swimming pools is also important to improve health security in swimming pools and spas. People should also be swimming pools care if they are suffering from gastroenteritis or other illnesses that viral pathogens may be transmitted from swimmer to swimmer through the pool water.

Since most swimmers are exposed to pathogens by swallowing the water, people are less likely to get sick if they swim without submerging head.

Conventional halogenated oxidants such as chlorine and bromine sanitizers are convenient and economical main pools and provide a residual level of disinfectant that remains in the water. There are, however, the conditions used largely to commercial or public swimming pools which is justified by additional oxidation. In these cases, Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) can be used on the water pollutants are oxidized by one or more of four different precursors: ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and air in combination with UV radiation and in some cases a catalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO2). These AOPs react with water (H2O) to produce strong oxidants such as hydroxyl radical (OH), atomic oxygen (O) and molecular oxygen (O2).

Chlorine, bromine and ozone can be generated in situ by passing an electric current through either the pool water itself, in the case of chlorine and bromine, or by air, in the case of ozone. The Chlorine can be supplied as hypochlorite solution (bleach), powdered calcium hypochlorite ("cal hypo"), chlorinated cyanurate compounds ("stabilized" the dichloro and trichloro chlorine) or chlorine gas dissolved in water directly. Maintaining a safe concentration of disinfectant is critically important to ensure the safety and health of users of the swimming pool. When any of these pool chemicals are used, it is very important to maintain the pH of the pool in the range of 7.2 to 7.6; higher pH drastically reduces the sanitizing power of chlorine due to reduced oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), while the pH Lowest causes discomfort to bathers, especially in the eyes. Chlorine reacts with urea in the urine of the swimmers can create nitrogen trichloride, which has a effect of type of tear gas.

Where water is disinfected by means of oxidizing agents, some suppliers of electronic monitoring equipment recommend that the oxidant effectiveness is measured by the oxidation-reduction potential of water, a factor measured in millivolts, where the minimum acceptable ORP level in public pools is 650 millivolts. It is supposed to guarantee a death rate of 1 second for the microorganisms introduced into the water. Unfortunately, an oxidant used without additional chlorine, monopersulfate potassium, can produce measured 650 mV levels, even in the absence of all traces of disinfectant. Cyanurated ("stabilized") chlorinators can give falsely high chlorine readings in tests with OTO (ortho-tolidene, a yellow indicator dye used in economic analysis kits), because chlorine is indicated by the dye is mostly in combination, rather than free elections, and does not contribute to the ORP. ORP test cells are available as hand tools, and as probes for the assembly permanently in the pipe flow of automatic control feeder pool chlorine.

Test kits for measuring free chlorine and pH of a sample of pool water, which issues are most important to control in a pool, are made with small dropper bottles of reagents. These OTO are typically reactive chlorine and phenol red pH. OTO has been removed in most countries due to a connection with the production of cancer cells test in rats. DPD tablets most commonly replaced OTO since 1980. The kits include vials for mixing a sample of water test reagents, and color charts to read the levels indicated. These teams are called "comparator" test kits is "compared" to a known color value. In addition to chlorine and pH, which should be checked frequently, more sophisticated reagent kits for the demand to provide proof of acid and base demand, total alkalinity (TA), hardness calcium and cyanurate ("stabilizer") concentration. These additional tests are likely to vary not only over weeks or months in a well maintained swimming pool, and therefore need not be checked as frequently as chlorine and pH.

In the 1970s the Watergram Taylor presented the relationship between the compounds and chemicals that you want to be present in the pool water. If the terms of the relationship were met, the pool was considered "balanced." A residential pool is in good "balance" that have a pH of 7.6, calcium hardness of 200 ppm (parts per million), Sodium Bicarbonate 120 level ppmnd a residual chlorine level of 1.0 to 2.0 ppm.

Residential pools are usually based on "breakpoint chlorination, ie the amount residual chlorine in water is sufficient to combat the introduction nitrogenous daily basis and yet leave a positive residual. This is usually reached through a process of experimentation by the owner of the pool.

In the basement, outdoor, irregularly shaped salt water pool. Automatic Cleaners visible in remotely.

Pool sanitation, which necessarily involves toxic or mechanical means of killing microbes, can sometimes unintentionally irritate swimmers especially if they are poorly maintained and, above all if the chlorine level too high and / or too low pH. Chemicals and no chlorine disinfection devices are promoted as being less harsh, but any sanitizer is harsh if overused. The water flowing through a pipe can be sterilized with UV light instead of chemicals, but a some level of chemical sanitizer is still needed because only a small part of the pool water passes through the circulation system at a given time, and the general circulation system, runs only a few hours each day. UV sterilization also does not inhibit algae growth on the surfaces of the pool and does not break down dissolved nitrogenous nutrients that the growth of algae feed, so some form of disinfecting oxidant is still required to verify these trends, although it need not be dosed during bathing hours for this purpose.

"Chlorine smell" is misunderstood. While chlorine is a bit yellow, the gas with a suffocating odor, the so-called "chlorine smell" is not pure chlorine. The characteristic odor occurs when an insufficient amount of chlorine used to disinfect contaminated pool. In the incomplete reaction follows, products called "chloramines" are produced, and chloramines are responsible for the smell. The way remove these chloramines is "super-chloro (commonly called" shocking ") the pool with a dose of 10 ppm of Cal-Hypo. superchlorination regular (every two weeks in summer) will eliminate these unpleasant odors in the pool.

Usually well managed pool will have no smell or taste, scrupulously clean, and have clear water. The majority of people do not want to swim in a pool that appears dirty even if germs were under control. A pool pump circulates water through a strainer and a filter to remove dirt and other airborne particles. The hydraulic circuit may also include a gas or electric heater panels solar and chemical injector.

The proper management of a backyard swimming pool can be a difficult and time consuming. The chemical equilibrium Water has to be monitored carefully to ensure that no contaminated with algae or bacteria. Any of these will make the water smell and look unpleasant and can be a health hazard. The water also should be kept free of debris such as fallen leaves and sticks, as these encourage fouling and very slippery and dangerous as they begin to decompose. Most people keep their pool either covered or drained entirely during the months of the year when not in use, since it is the easiest way to keep it sanitary (draining but it can be a serious safety hazard deeper and fill new pools can be quite expensive in areas where water is scarce). Public swimming pools and competitive, so often, especially in colder climates, covered with a roof poolsovered heatedo and allow its use throughout the year.

The chlorine generator (salt system)

Chlorine can be generated on the site, as in saltwater pools. A device in New Zealand IG450 Aquatech the original pool salt water chlorinator, was introduced to the sector of residential pools, when the first commercial production units for domestic use were in the 1973 Chicago Fair Trade. In the following years, many U.S., Australia and South African companies doubled the device, because the process of creating saltwater chlorine – a process that occurs in nature when lightning strikes the sea – was not patentable. This process generates chlorine by low voltage electrolysis of dissolved salt (NaCl) using an electrode incorporated in the plumbing of the pool, eliminating the requirement to manually daily dosage of the pool with chlorine powder. generators Chlorine avoid the need for constant handling of hazardous chemicals sanitation, disinfection and can generate power at lower cost products chemical equivalent, but have a significant initial cost for equipment and initial salt pool. Annual rainfall contributes to the dilution of pool water, This will require regular "topping up" with 50 pounds of various (20 kg) bags of salt for the group of medium size.

Another issue is the production of equal amounts of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, which makes the pool water pH up to levels that make the production of chlorine at levels useful HOCl as low as 15%, while the balance of the production of chlorine becomes OCl. OCl still retains some bactericidal properties, but only effective in the concentration 25,000 ppm, for what in effect is pointless. This dramatic exchange occurs in the water when the pH is above 8.0. This makes the system less effective saline unless close monitoring is maintained at pH levels. Some units of saline solution in production (2007) have built a proof of claim of acid, and pH is maintained at the correct level of periodic shots of acid in the system. The disadvantage of these units is the need to store large amounts of hydrochloric acid on the site of the pool should be secured for safety if small children are present.

current units use around 2000 ppm to 4000 ppm and salt can not be detected by taste. Pool water that splashes and evaporates, for example, on a terrace by the pool, it leaves a residue of salt. Being closer to isotonic salinity (0.9%) than fresh water, salt water pool has a touch easier on the eyes, and a touch typically characterized as "silk", not unlike of bath salts. However, due to the reactive nature of chlorine gas that follows the salt chlorinator, salt chlorine pools have been found to produce unacceptable levels high carcinogenic disinfection byproducts, the predominant form bromoform being.

Ozone generators

the use of ozone is increasingly prolific as a reinforcement device to reduce the need for chlorine used in swimming, both commercial and residential swimming pools. Highly bacteriostatic, pools equipped with ozone units report a 75% reduction in chlorine demand. Ozone is of short duration, usually completely exhausted within five minutes of introduction in the pool, but it is very effective at killing all unwanted pathogens in the water that passes through the unit. It is more than 1000 times more effective in oxidizing bather waste than chlorine.

There are two basic types of ozone generators, UV lamp and corona discharge. In the system of UV light, air is drawn through a cylinder containing a light-emitting specific wavelengths bulb (s). The results are longer lasting and more reliable form of ozone gas for residential pools and spa needs.

The corona discharge device is more efficient, able to generate sufficient quantities of ozone gas for commercial use. It is used in almost all bottled water facilities in the United States to treat water as it leaves no residual chemicals, heavy metals or aftertaste. Almost all the water used to rinse and wash agricultural products in the United States also treated with ozone before coming into contact with food, again due to the absence of residual effects.

High humidity (moisture / water) in the ambient air is drawn into the chamber to generate CD, will lead to the formation of nitric acid, which eventually will CD attack chip rendering them inoperable after a relatively short time. This is not the case of UV and ozone systems are not affected by moisture. Superior best commercial systems include an air dryer that eliminates the humidity of incoming air, thus eliminating the possibility of corrosion. Systems Midrange can use non-corrosive pipes, such as TPFE (Teflon) to eliminate the potential for corrosion.

Since there is no residual disinfectant in the water after that the ozone generator is turned off, a small amount of a halogen (eg chlorine, bromine, hydrogen peroxide) should be kept in water. Some generators ozone are designed to operate 24 / 7, thus further reducing the demand for residual halogen.

Most ozone generators midrange has a contact chamber, where the ozone introduced into a tank off-line, which has reduced the water velocity to increase the contact time "." The contact time is the amount of time that ozone is in direct contact with the water of the pool. Since the contact chamber and spent vent excess ozone in an "ozone depletion" drive. The unit of destruction may be a simple carbon filter activated carbon, or high-end units, electronics active catalytic destruction.

In large quantities, ozone is dangerous to breathe. However, in most applications of the pool, there is ozone residual being returned to the pool, as the "contact" occurred on the platform of the team. Also, do not vent the ozone layer in the environment because it destroys before being released.

Circuit ultrafiltration treatment

For more details on this topic, see the ultrafiltration.

Contaminated water will flow from the channel in the balance tank. The useful volume of the deposit will be of a size such that the displacement and water splashes can store. Storing a number of backwash water can be omitted in some large extent.

The circulation pump will suck the raw water balance tank and push through the pre-filter and ultrafiltration at the back basin. The pre-filter comprises one or more filters, plastic with integrated automatic valves. The pre-filter serves to contain any major or secondary contamination which could damage or block the ultrafiltration membranes.

Flocculating agent injection, for example, make the entrance to the circulation pump in order to achieve optimal mixing of flocculant agent. The rules and requirements for conventional filter layer of gravel or more are also valid for the injection of flocculant agent.

The system will use the water by ultrafiltration. The membranes are made of fibers polyethersulfone hollow, also called capillary membranes. They have pores the size of <0.05 m (by comparison: a human hair has a diameter of approx. 50 m 5000 times more), it is so fine that no bacteria or virus can pass from the membrane. With this type of filtration filter openings are so small that the temperature of water, the viscosity of water, respectively, play a decisive role. The water from ultrafiltration is absolutely free of germs. All matters dissolved for example, salts will remain in the filtrate.

The ultrafiltration modules of the treatment plant will consist of several thousands of hollow fibers that are placed neatly in a plastic pressure pipe. The modules are arranged in parallel lines ultrafiltration treatment.

Membrane modules are mounted in a compact. The pipeline runs in the PVC. pneumatic accessories ensures automatic and safe operation.

A differential pressure measurement is scheduled for transmembrane pressure and volume flow measurement of flow.

The fully automatic washing will be in regular intervals. In addition, instead of normal water washing, chemical cleaning and disinfection with chlorine is carried out regularly.

The ultrafiltration filter, for example, a partial amount, will be led by the activated charcoal or-der to remove unwanted areas such as chlorine dissolved combined and trihalogenmethanes. Other possibilities include the administration active carbon powder ultrafiltration upstream or downstream UV system.

The water is heated, the pH is adjusted to the value set and water mix with chlorine bleach to reach the values as set in German DIN 19643 or other similar rules and regulations.

The chlorinated water will join the treated water basin through the inlet system.

Sphagnum Moss

Sphagnum moss is used as a green alternative to chlorine in the pool sanitation. Moss inhibits the growth of microbes and reduces or eliminates the need for chlorine in pools.

The use of UV

Ultraviolet light technology can help the primary sanitizer in providing an additional level of protection against potentially harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, cysts and protozoa. A UV system improvement the bather safety from chlorine resistant organisms such as cryptosporidium and giardia. Passing through the unit, contaminated water is exposed to UV light, which alters the genetic material inside the cell and make it inactive. A UV system will not affect the balance of the pool and reduces the amount of chloramines in the water, allowing that the residual chlorine to work more effectively. There are units available for traditional chlorinated pools and unique that can be installed in pools equipped with generators saline.

Biguanides

Other more recent disinfectants have also been introduced from the 1990s and referred to as biguanides. Biguanides were originally developed for the medical industry and using the polymer PHMB (polyhexamethylene biguanide). Biguanides are generally less severe and more stable in the water of the pool, but are also more expensive and require periodic addition of hydrogen peroxide additional usage and react very strongly with chlorine or other disinfectants.

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