January 7th, 2010 | 
Author:
Ishmael Beah € ™ s Memories of War in Sierra Leone – A long way from the Truth
Ishmael Beah € ™ s Memory War in Sierra Leone
- A long way from the Truth
For Muctaru Wurie
He may be well known in the Western world for a book that portrays the ruthless war in Sierra Leone from the perspective of a child soldier, but Ishmael Beah, author of "A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a boy soldier, little is known here at home.
Before writing this article I made a random inspection university academics and students of literature and journalists around the country, recognized only two people who have read his work. Many said they read reviews in the Western press, but have not actually seen the book, let alone read it. All a handful said they have not even heard of Ishmael or his work at all.
When you look at the impact of this book, which has not only received rave reviews from the New York Times, Washington Post, The Guardian and many other Western media, but also have raised millions of dollars, and said a lot of notice. Ironically, Sierra Leone, a country that has the most vibrant media and universities who have a predisposition for literature loses it.
The book Ishmael catapulted to fame and has spoken at the UN and according to Wikipedia has met with leaders such as Bill Clinton and Nelson Mandela.
Beah now works for Human Rights Watch Children € ™ s Division Advisory Committee, has served as the keynote speaker at several events, including the Conference Young Global Leaders of 2007 (July 15-26 session), 175th Oberlin College convocation ceremony.
Review
A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a child soldier, brings a tragic reminder of what happened in a relatively peaceful and orderly society, that Sierra Leone was.
The story began with disturbing is the case, then, refugees fleeing from a threat to their safety and passing through towns and villages, which come with heartbreaking stories, some of which many at the time was hard to believe.
But like most of Sierra Leone, the veracity bestial war is never far away from the door. And for many, the madness and brutality of the war came to their towns and villages, with little or no warning. This was exactly the case of Ishmael, his brother and a friend who left his village to Mattru Jong to participate in a talent show. Never left back as his village was attacked and a whole area plunged into chaos by marauding rebels and did not know the language, but of chaos and destruction.
Ismael and cooperation in an attempt to re – his family, it was clear they would not reach their village as many were already running away with the horrible account and eventually forced to make a U-turn.
Since then, Ishmael and other groups of children were wandering desperately in search of safety, many were afraid of them as they move from town to town were rejected, arrested and intimidated by many who thought they were rebels.
Every aspect of life upside down, children were warmly welcomed before the war became an object of fear and apprehension as many were used to cause havoc and do terrible things. A society that once love children suddenly became one that any fears of the unknown child.
The book is written in a free flow of command, poignant and even more charming, not only contain the horrors of war in Ishmael € ™ s homeland, but also showed another side of Sierra Leone, the Mende culture and stories of Ishmael and indeed many other children in Sierra Leone at the time of love rap hip hop and Jamaican reggae.
However, to Ismael and many others that was the reality check that were in the midst of war. It seems as if it were the end of the world to Ishmael after he was captured by the rebels who almost summarily executed. As they were about to coercion Ishmael € ™ s friends to kill themselves and others, the rebels were attacked, which created an opportunity to escape to Ishmael and others.
Like most people trapped in the war in Sierra Leone, Ishmael was emotionally unstable, with a grim view of reality, not knowing when or where the misery is going to end. Because we were moving through forests and avoid clinging to the hope that sometimes are very unlikely that the war was escalating and impacts are felt everywhere.
His ordeal did not improve when Ishmael € ™ s friend, Saidu who went with them died. Saidu apparently overwhelmed after undergoing miserable to have seen evidence from a hideout of the rebels, while he raped her three sisters and roof over in the right front of his mother and father, the latter which was beaten by the rebels while trying to stop them. Saidu € ™ s (who had kept quiet most of your trip) death came as a shock Ishmael and his friends.
Unfortunately for Ishmael and his friends were about to do a reunion with his family who had not seen for months, the meeting was abruptly altered by a staccato burst of gunfire that hit a rebel attack on the town in which Ishmael was guided by an old neighbor who accidentally tripled to meet his family. His family had been living there, and his older brother, had even gone out looking for him unsuccessfully. Never going to be, the village whole was massacred by the rebels who later boasted that no one survived the surprise assault.
The desperation was briefly replaced by a sense of hope in the near the town of Yele where Ishmael as many orphaned children found refuge. Suddenly, Ishmael was pushed into war. Unlike many other children in Sierra Leone, Ishmael was recruited by the RUF rebels. If he, his story could have been much worse. He was recruited by the army of Sierra Leone in Yele, because after that are the subject of an all out siege and losing many of his men, Army Commander Lieutenant Jabati had no choice but to mobilize civilian men and boys to defend the city. With a charismatic speech with the help of the bodies of a father and son were killed by rebels after he tried to escape, Ishmael and other boys were inspired to fight alongside the army.
Story of Ishmael during his time as a child soldier in the book was synonymous with many others, the enthusiasm of drugs, murder, looting and burning of bodies was the order of the day. Positively Ishmael his romance by the bloodshed and drug was suddenly interrupted by the intervention of UNICEF who rescued him and 14 others in his squadron. This was a betrayal of Ishmael, he saw his boss as a traitor to deliver to civilians. He planned to escape back to the warfront, but was prevented from doing so by many checkpoints on the road to Freetown.
On arrival at Freetown, another war took place in war Children € ™ s were brought home to them, there was a confrontation between the RUF and children Ishmael € ™ s Army group leads to six deaths and injuries.
As a result, were separated and taken to the Approved School, Kissy.
Ismael suffered a thorough rehabilitation process with the help of workers in the Kissy home, particularly the nurse Esther, who personally helped in his psychotherapy continually show compassion, delivering gifts to him and assured him that it was its defects and everything would be fine.
Luckily you can have, Ismael came into contact with his uncle and for a very long time in his life, had an opportunity to have the feeling that after all that had happened, he has a family. Finally someone referred to him as a son, had the dejavu experience a family, he settled with his uncle € ™ s poor family but very loving.
Blessing was coming to Ishmael and his uncle disbelief had experience of tasting in New York, where it offers the opportunity to attend a United Nations conference on children's issues.
That the experience would be the catalyst for a mild break from war torn Freetown. After going back, since then, there was a devastating setback for Ismael, there was a coup that all wrong. There was a bloody confrontation in Freetown, anarchy fallen, Ismael forced to look elsewhere as he lost very affectionate to his uncle, who died in the chaos of natural circumstances. He was saving money that was being sent to him by Laura Simms (A woman who had known in New York) â € "with the help of money from Ishmael fled to Guinea, where he was able to return to New York.
Deficiencies a Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier
When one has a true sense of the war in Sierra Leone is in A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a child soldier, the story of Ishmael € ™ s experience as a child combatant is not surprising, nor too standards horrible for what happened here during the war. There are stories that his worst (See the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, TRC Report, go to www.trcsierraleone.org) the truth is that children who fought with the RUF has a story to tell more barbaric. From the way his war experience was told, really could have been from a child soldier. I say this because most of the interest in the book stemmed from Ishmael € ™ s experience like a child who lost his family, was connected with friends to find safety and ended up fighting and expedite the terror as a child.
Ishmael € ™ s claims of being recruited by military force
To the extent that they were in the war zones in the provinces there is a strong possibility you would be held by one of the fighting forces and recruited. I see no problem with Ishmael € ™ s account of his description of the fighting and the horror he witnessed (though you donâ t ™ €, it would be very difficult to counter). However, his claim that he was recruited after Yele was very haunted by the national army, along with some other children in the city has been dismissed as forged by some soldiers, the TRC and observers on the ground. A military officer (prefers to remain anonymous because he is still in the army and is not allowed to speak), deployed throughout the period Yele Area 94-96, said it was very strange for the military during those periods for organized recruitment of children under his command, as described by Ishmael in his book. â € Oeno matter what we were besieged, we would like to make a tactical retreat or call for reinforcement or back-up of the regiments in the vicinity. It was something that was considered very dangerous at the time, for various reasons, â € he said. In addition, Lt. Jabati (Commander in Yele enrolling Ishmael and other children) is described in the book known to him. â € OEI still remember my former army colleagues, even those who are dead or retired the military Now. € The offense of disturbing information that the officer was that of Ishmael € ™ s assertion that â € œWe also attacked civilians to capture recruits and whatever else we could find.â € reacting to that, the military official said, â € œThat is the charge most terrible I've heard about the army's role in the war. I'll tell you that the army never attacked civilian villages to attract recruits. Go to the provinces and now ask people who witnessed the war, they will tell you that we did this and that, but never caught by hiring civilian purpose. We use to capture rebel suspects or informants and sent to Freetown for questioning, but to say that coercively conscripted civilians and children openly in front of other members community only to defend a city is ridiculous. It makes me think this boy (Ishmael) is another program, â € said the officer. It however acknowledged that was after 1996, he began to see some signs of child soldiers fighting alongside the military, eventually exacerbated as the military temporarily merged with the RUF and later the Civil Defense Forces (composed of Kamajors, Kapra, etc), two forces that is used a lot of child soldiers during the war. However, Mahmoud Mansaray, a businessman, who was risking his life during the war by selling goods through villages in southern Sierra Leone, said the army sometimes attack the villages, but that was mostly for looting when sometimes running out of food supplies, however, said hea € ™ s never seen or heard the reports of the army attacking civilian villages to attract recruits. â € œThat was very strange, then, was after the coup that started Johnny Paul to see the national army, fighting with the boys or men in civilian clothes, â € said Mahmoud, who was captured several times and accused by the army Kamajors and the sale of goods to the rebels and to act as an informant for them.
Another soldier, Patrick Mambu, now retired Ismael said he wished he had been accurately on the date of when I was stationed in Yele around that period twice when it came under sustained attack from the rebels. â € œThere were refugees in the city elsewhere, but never thought of recruiting children to fight with us at that time. The other important thing was that most of the refugees who passed through Dona € ™ t stay for long, many prefer to go ahead, IA € ™ m surprised to hear children were recruited from around Yele of that time, too, which would make it very difficult for us to recruit children and other indiscriminate weapons is that they were not even enough for us. If you can remember during the war that they were aware that there is a shortage of weapons, so how could just out and recruit people? What would they fight? Any assertion that openly recruit children in Yele only to defend the city is a complete waste, â € said Patrick.
Perhaps the biggest surprise by Ishmael € ™ s claims came from Alhaji Samura, who was a transcriber of the TRC, I read â € OEI reviews of A Long Way Gone, and from what I see, it looks as if the whole book is a fiction. â € donâ € ™ t OEI I remember once when someone gave a testimony that they saw the national army openly recruiting children in a village to fight with them before 1997, had a lot of cases related to organized and mass recruitment of children including not RUF Kamajors, Kapra and others, but definitely the military, it is clear that there are serious indictment against the military, but not that one, â € Alhaji said.
Another former TRC staff, Koivaya Emmanuel Amara, which was a TRC investigator, said that the outbreak of war the military was taken by surprise, so was what he called â € ~ indiscriminate recruiting € ™ at national. But he said were executed in a structured and there was no record of a deliberate conscription before 1997. â € œAll of engagements were undertaken voluntarily in large numbers, and a large number of unemployed youth was, but there was an instance of a deliberate attempt by the military to attack villages deliberately to attract recruits or conscript force people into their operating positions, â € said Emmanuel.
Confusion with dates
There's definitely a problem with dates in the book, there is great distrust of Ishmael € ™ s claim that his problems began in 1993 when his village and its environs was attacked and sunk into chaos by the rebels. Mohamed Koroma, who lived in Mattru Jong 1995 but left after his father says there are intermittent attacks of the rebels in that area from 1993 up, but it was very doubtful that there was no mass movement of people in that area in 1993. â € œMore so, 1993 attacks were rare and not always successfully. Even if someone whose village was attacked around that time is displaced. I donâ ™ € t think it would be Yele moved up because there was no need, when other areas of importance were safe. It was in 1995 that saw the real chaos around that area even forced thousands others, and my father, who was a business man running away from our lives, â € said Mohamed.
While this may be seen as a major miscalculation by Ismael, I wouldn t ™ € want to delve into that much because I remember as a kid growing up during the heat of war, there were times when I donâ ™ € not even bother to know the dates. As there was no school at some point, and the main concern then was the life and death, which read: Ismael should at least know when chaos erupted, because everything was going to school then. And the time difference of two years exposed to Ishmael and raised serious doubts about your account. There is another part that exposes Ishmael € ™ s issue of the date on your account, as it was in Freetown, where it was easier to know how it happens Eventually, I hope that there would be no excuse for this. Ismael said that shortly after he witnessed the student demonstration that the firing continued steadily the city for the next five months. And according to his account went to Guinea on 31 October, while the actual student demonstration took place on August 17. So if the affirmation of his five months had nothing to spend, who left in January.
Another statement that showed Ismael inaccuracy over time is its declaration stating that he saw a rebel dead child wore a t-shirt with eyes Tupac Shakur â € registration € œAll MEA in it. As young people growing up in those days with the obsession of Tupac Tupac knew that t-shirts that are particularly popular with the RUF rebels hadn € ™ t affected posts even for the time mentioned the incident Ishmael because Ishmael himself said he traveled to Freetown in January 1996 which means he saw Tupac t-shirt before coming to Sierra Leone. Med Bangs, a clothing salesman at Victoria Park told me that the eyes of Tupac â € œAll in t-shirt € Meâ really came to Sierra Leone in mid – 1996, â € œPeople use come from the provinces and buy a bunch of these shirts from us, which made them very expensive at the moment. But it was after we discovered RUF rebels especially appreciated the Tupac t-shirts, they were never in the market in Sierra Leone around January 1996, I challenge anyone who says these shirts were here, even by January 1996, â € said Bangs Med Another man, Kashoe, Tupac is still called by some of his old friends because of his love for the rapper said he was an ardent follower of Tupac. â € using the OEI to save all my money just to buy time Tupac € ™ s latest tape, T-shirts and handkerchiefs to their libraries. And I can tell you that All Eyez on Me album was released in February 1996, I still have the magazine and a biography of Tupac complete. And for the All Eyes on Me T-shirt that arrived in Sierra Leone around June 1996, I was one of the first to get one and I never forgot that I bought one for 15, 000. It was an enormous pride to put one at the time, â € said a smiling Kashoe.
View of Freetown after the coup of 25 May
Ismael also painted a very broad from the scene of the mark in Freetown, in the aftermath of the coup of May 25 created a much more chaotic situation in Freetown it wasn € ™ t in fact the case, as he writes: â € œFor the first three weeks people were so afraid they did not dare to leave their houses.â € This was a clear amplification, the coup occurred on Sunday and I along with my brother and thousands of other Freetownians went to the city center the next day to survey the ruins of the Treasury building in the downtown and a partially burnt Bank of Sierra Leone upstairs. Andrew was a level Fatoma Oâ ™ € student taking the exam and then said hea € ™ s surprised by the claims, â € OEI was taking my exams then I use to leave all the way to Kingtom Kissy take my papers, which was Monday, June 2nd, 1997 to combat incident at Mammy Yoko Hotel forcing authorities to cancel the exams. Even then we used to go out and take walks, â € said Andrew.
The announcement out Gborie Coup
In the early hours of Sunday May 25, was twisted and disjointed mix of English and Krio we heard the voice of the late Corporal Tamba Gborie, a young army recruits who announced the coup, but Ishmael said in his book that was Johnny Paul Koroma, who came into the air and announced Tejan Kabbah, who had been overthrown, Ismael points that Johnny Paula € ™ s English was as bad as the reasons he gave for the coup, clearly all those who were here at that time knew that what has been termed as broadcast the most embarrassing blow of all time was handed out Gborie afternoon, which was later convicted of treason and executed by firing squad. Sheik Daud Fofanah Kalleone Radio reporter, who has read the book, said he was surprised by how Ishmael wrote his story. â € œThe whole book is a false makeup, look at it, it was announced Gborie the coup, but said it was Ishmael Johnny Paul. I donâ ™ € really know where she got to their stories, â € said Sheikh.
Freetown € ™ s Secret Food Market
Ismael also painted a situation as if food was not available and very inadequate, it is no shortage, but not as presented indicate that it was a secret market where food is sold civilians in secret for fear of armed men interruption of sales in broad daylight. Mabinty Koroma, a merchant selling goods by some Indians during the â € ~ Revo € ™ period, says, â € œPrices up, and some stores were closed during that period but was not so serious and chaotic. Incidents also occurred when gunmen sometimes harass us for money, but we never robbed in broad daylight or create chaos as we sell our € goods Mabinty said.
There were also cases in which civilians were attacked, killed or stolen during the night. But cases of full daylight incidence were not as prevalent. Infact there is even marriages and other social events in what is known as the â € ~ Revo € ™ (a period corresponding to 25 coup in May 1997 to the liberation of Freetown in February 1998). That said, the city was not safe, and many donâ € ™ t venture too far from home, and those not, make sure your return before dark.
Five months while shooting
In Chapter 21, page 204, Ismael, filed a case in which gunmen opened fire and ran behind a crowd of people in broad daylight. On page 206 he writes, â € CERN morning, families (Freetown) sitting on its terraces and kept their children close by, watching the streets of the city where gunmen roamed in groups, looting, raping and killing people at will … Sometimes during the day there were several plumes of smoke from the houses had been burned by gunmen.â € The scene is more suitable for 6 January 1999, not for the period in which the very hated AFRC / RUF regime were trying to convince an audience decided that they had brought â € ~ peacee € ™ and â € ~ fit Rulea ™ €. Also contrary to what Ishmael said, never firing continued steadily Freetown for the next five months after the student demonstration. There was a pause in the bombing stopped the ship October incident in which many believed rebels climbed the mountain and the rain of rockets on the town with the pretext that it was ECOMOG € ™ s missile attempt to prevent a penalty-the scrapping of violating the UN embargo which was approved by the Board. The other major shooting before the liberation of the city in February 1998 when a military plane scale secret city s ™ € airspace overnight. â € œThat was the most ferocious incident did not stop shooting in the city witnessed many how are fired from all angles into the air in Freetown, many civilians were caught by stray bullets at night, I emptied on the case of fifteen of the bullets night, â € recalled Mark, alias Makanaky then a child soldier with the RUF, but now runs a poda-poda (mini bus) as a driver in Freetown.
Slaughter of the family in New England Ville
There are other incidents presented in the book that never happened. Ismael correctly mentioned in his book several times the domain of the BBC as a reliable news channel trusted Sierra Leone. Besides the African service from the BBC that widely collected during Sierra Leone the heat of war, was a dynamic and pluralist press in the country that the variety event object from different angles and interests. There were certain facts that has never reported, especially those that occurred in Freetown (even during the â € ~ Revo € ™, most courageous and defiant newspapers continue publishing). Moreover, the bustling Metro Radio Democracy FM 98.1, which was being funded mainly by journalists in the country gave update daily on developments around the country, especially those that showed the massive challenge by the majority of Sierra Leone to accept the AFRC / RUF regime Major Johnny Paul Koroma. So therefore one of the incidents mentioned by Ishmael, that never happened was this: â € œOne night, a neighbor who lived a few doors down my uncle's house (in New England Ville, Freetown) was listening to a pirate radio station accused the new government to commit crimes against civilians. A few minutes later a truck full of soldiers stopped at the house of the man dragged him, his wife and two eldest sons out, shot and kicked their bodies near gutter.â €
The incident actually occurred (but not mentioned in Ishmael € ™ s book) and called the attention of the media and international public was that on aa woman who was listening in Kissy FM 98.1 and later in front of a soldier whom she defiant challenge before it is fired. It was the talk of the town and several people came to see the dead woman lying dead on the floor and bleeding profusely. So an incident I saw a whole family being massacred would have raised more public notice. To determine this I called the former Information Minister Dr. Julius Spencer, who was the then head of 98.1 FM, told me very clearly that there was once remembered nothing of that happened. Spencer, who also happens to be one of the leading academic publications in the country said he had not read the book, but from the reviews I had read, which I doubt very much that Ishmael represents the truth in their work.
Shoot-Out Children in a mysterious Freetown € ™ s Home
Moreover, an incident that Beah was also highlighted in the Children s ™ € house, where said six people were killed after they (the child soldiers of the Army) fought with the RUF for children on arrival in January 1996 was never produced. I checked newspaper clippings recognized in Sierra Leone Fourah Bay section of the library and talked to many journalists and NGO workers when they said no have no doubt that the incident never occurred. The fact that Ishmael deliberately omitted the name or location of the center of Freetown raised questions about an event here nobody seems to remember.
Sierratel Lines Down
There are several other issues that are clearly wrong, as his claim that Sierratel that phones were not working and in October 1997, journalists who prefers to remain anonymous because of his ties with the current government says, â € OEI used to send information from the pirate radio station 98.1 FM radio Sierratel lines, so I'ma € ™ m surprised to hear someone who lines were out. There were moments when the lines could be lowered, although repairs are done quickly. Surprisingly, we also had the best more electricity than usual because the illegal junta regime was trying to conquer the most challenging. There was even the electricity supply on the eve ECOMOG invasion of the city, when the Nigerian ECOMOG troops triumphantly entered the city many people came out very cold water serving their freezers.â €
All hospitals and pharmacies closed
Another obvious manufacturing was his claim that when his uncle fell ill during the â € ~ Revo € ™, all hospitals and pharmacies were closed. Ismael says most doctors and nurses had left the country and those who were still around fear that if they left their homes would not be able to return to their families. I put that Dr S Kamara who practiced then, was surprised to hear that and couldn € ™ t believe it until they showed her a copy of the book excerpt. He agreed that there were times when fear and couldn € ™ t go to work, but the main hospitals in the city is always open throughout the â € ~ Revo € ™ period. â € œPeople used to come to my house and go to hospitals, clinics and other places of treatment, but to say to all hospitals and pharmacies were closed during the â € ~ Revo € ™ and they were afraid to leave our homes, which is a huge lie. I can not buy this book for a dime, â €, said. According to Patricia Collier, who was a nurse at the Hospital PCM, some doctors did a lot of sacrifice at the time, says Dr. Nicol, who was very regular, sometimes working overtime. â € œBecause most of us saw it as a crisis period we gave him our deep commitment and working under difficult circumstances, it would interest you to know that I was working at the hospital where the release of Freetown ECOMOG began in February 1998. Most of us, however, left for our homes because our security, â € said Patricia.
Monuments questionable
Even some of Ishmael € ™ s account of the streets and places known as â € ~ sitting on the dock at the pier at the end of Rawdon Street € ™ showed that things really mixed because there is the famous building of the bus station at the end of Rawdon Street and when you go back from the bus station there are other buildings, and will have to walk a long way and meet a naval base fence that the public is prohibited.
Him 300 â € "two months salary average
He also stated incorrectly that immigration officials on his way to Guinea They demanded 300, he agreed to it around two months' salary in Sierra Leone at the time. The fact is that the average monthly wage was well above that, Le 300, and could only make a liter of soda then, then a one-time cost of $ around you 800. Head of Department of Mass Communication FBC, Isaac told me Massaqoi at that time I was up around 145, 000 per month in the SLBS. Isaac, who has also read the book was not surprised by some of the statements he made in the book and said that even the average monthly wage was well above Le 300.
Less precision
Ismael also tactfully avoided being clear and detailed in some of his statements to a person who witnessed the war at home, should have waited longer. For example, he never said exactly where they stayed New England Ville and he said he attended St. Edwards High School in Freetown, the only explanation was offered about the school than other students distanced in its first day of school, explaining that quickly turned back to his experience in his village.
Another aspect of the overstatement was when Ishmael went to the U.S. embassy and asked about your account, Ismael (16 years old then), said no one her age in Sierra Leone has a bank account, which is an exaggeration, because there were few around who have an account. There are several other weak links in Ishmael € ™ s work, but I thought that these are just some of which one should focus on.
Questions not answered
I was disappointed I could not get the view of Ishmael or the editors in many of the polemics and distorted information about the book, appears as if they were not only willing to respond to the critical points that would try. I did everything effort to contact the editors through Ishmael Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG), who sent three times and called twice, pledged to get back to me I waited in vain. I would have personally liked to talk to Ismael in Krio. I would like to ask many things, even in New England Ville was living and why so many things wrong in their work. According to the standard Ismael Post back to Sierra Leone, at least twice a year and told the paper that feels safer in Sierra Leone, in Brooklyn. I have asked why there was no attempt on their part, during personal visits to promote his book in Sierra Leone?
Surprise
For publishers, have asked me if they have no system to check a crusade ™ € writerâ s history in a book that has been characterized as a non-fiction.
Having spoken to most of Sierra Leone, the impression I have is that the Sierra Leone many more know about this book, the older they get stunned and outraged that someone claiming to be native to the country and participated in the war might have obtained so bad in many respects easy it should be easy to remember. I felt during my research that there were many Sierra Leoneans know about this book that was marked as non-fiction at the time of the publication would not have been a critical mass of the same at home.
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